Wildfire Mitigation
Wildfires are among the fastest growing and most destructive natural hazards in the United States. They threaten homes, businesses, critical infrastructure and entire communities, often with little warning.
From wind driven vegetation fires to large scale fires within forested areas, these events can cause immediate devastation and long term economic, environmental and public health impacts.
How Often Wildfires Occur
Wildfire activity in the United States has intensified significantly over the past decade. Longer fire seasons, hotter temperatures and drier conditions have contributed to more frequent, fast moving and severe wildfire events across both rural and urban communities within the wildland-urban interface (WUI) area.
The identified WUI area continues to expand by approximately two million acres per year – increasing the number of homes and critical facilities exposed to wildfire hazards and highlighting the growing need for proactive mitigation and resilient construction practices.
Wildfire Related Losses
More than 46 million homes in 70,000 communities are at risk from wildfire in the WUI. This expanding exposure creates cascading impacts for housing availability, insurance markets, local economies and recovery timelines.
The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) National Significant Wildland Fire Potential Outlook (issued April 1, 2026) documented that as of March 31, 2026, 1,615,683 acres have burned nationally — 231 percent of the previous ten-year average — with 16,746 wildfires reported (also above average).
Additionally, over the past 15 years, wildland fires have destroyed more than 100,000 structures in the U.S., with 70 percent of these losses occurring since 2018.
The cost of wildfire includes structural losses, infrastructure damage, business interruption, environmental impacts and long term health consequences from smoke exposure.
Losses Avoided Through Building Codes and Mitigation
Mitigation remains one of the most effective tools for reducing wildfire risk and long term costs. Communities that adopt and enforce modern construction codes experience significantly lower losses during hazard events. The International Wildland-Urban Interface Code® (IWUIC) is designed specifically to address the vulnerabilities that drive large-loss WUI disasters, including ember exposure, radiant heat and direct flame contact.
FEMA's Building Code Save: Fire Hazards Pilot Study estimates modern wildfire-related building codes produce billions in avoided losses over the useful life of homes in studied wildfire-prone areas.
Using the International Codes (I‑Codes) to Mitigate Wildfire Hazards
The International Codes® (I Codes®), including the 2024 IWUIC, provides a comprehensive framework for designing, constructing and retrofitting buildings to be more wildfire resilient.
The IWUIC establishes regulations to safeguard life and property from the intrusion of wildland fire and to help prevent structure fires from spreading to wildland fuels. It focuses on practical measures that reduce the likelihood of building ignition from embers, radiant heat and direct flame contact, and it is designed to be compatible with the full suite of I Codes.
The 2024 IWUIC addresses four broad areas:
- WUI Area Designation: Where the code applies after state/local WUI mapping or formal designation process
- Ignition-resistant construction: Building features and materials that reduce ignition risk, especially from embers
- Defensible Space and Vegetation Management: Requirements for managing fuels near structures to reduce wildfire intensity
- Access, Water Supply and Fire Protection: Community provisions that support firefighting operations, including access, water supply and fire protection
Key Wildfire Provisions
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International Wildland Urban Interface Code®
Chapter 1 – Scope and Administration
Chapter 1 establishes the administrative framework for applying the IWUIC when adopted by a state or jurisdiction. It addresses scope, administration and how the adoption - such as whether appendices are enforceable - is activated through an adopted ordinance and the authority of the code official.
Key IWUIC references: Chapter 1, including Section 101.2.1 (Appendices).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Scope, Applicability, Code official/authority, Permits, Construction documents, Approved agency, Alternative materials or methods, Appeals.
Chapter 2 – Definitions
Chapter 2 provides definitions used throughout the IWUIC. These definitions support consistent interpretation and enforcement of WUI area designations, defensible space, ignition-resistant construction and fire protection concepts across the code.
Key IWUIC references: Chapter 2, including Sections 201 (General) and 202 (Definitions).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Wildland-urban interface area, Wildfire, Defensible space, Fire hazard severity, Ignition-resistant construction, Fuel (light/medium/heavy).
Chapter 3 — Wildland-Urban Interface Areas
Chapter 3 explains how WUI areas are identified so a community can determine where IWUIC requirements apply. It supports both mapped and procedure-based designation approaches and provides a basis for documenting designations and updates over time.
Key IWUIC references: Sections 301 (General) and 302 (WUI area designations), including Sections 302.2 (Mapping) and 302.3 (Review of WUI areas).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Wildland-urban interface area, Wildland, Mapping of wildland-urban interface area, Wildland-urban interface area designations, Findings of fact, Fire hazard severity, Fire hazard severity form.
Chapter 4 — Wildland-Urban Interface Area Requirements
Chapter 4 addresses site and development requirements for projects in designated WUI areas. The provisions focus on enabling safe and effective fire service operations by addressing access and related infrastructure considerations which are often coordinated with local fire department standards.
Key IWUIC references: Sections 401 (General) through 405 (as applicable), including Sections 402.1.1 (Access), 403.2 (Driveways), and 403.3 (Fire apparatus access road).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Access, Driveways, Fire apparatus access road, Address markers, Subdivision, Service utilities, Water supply, Fire flow calculation area.
Chapter 5 — Special Building Construction Regulations
Chapter 5 focuses on how buildings can better resist wildfire exposures. It provides ignition-resistant construction concepts and requirements based on identified severity level intended to reduce susceptibility to ignition, with emphasis on common ignition pathways such as embers and exposure to heat and flame.
Key IWUIC references: Sections 501 (Scope) and 503 (Ignition-Resistant Construction and Material).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Ignition-resistant construction (Classes 1–3), Ignition-resistant building material, Noncombustible, Roof assembly, Roof covering, Noncombustible roof covering, Fire-retardant-treated lumber or wood, Multilayered glazed panels, Flame spread index.
Chapter 6 — Fire Protection Requirements
Chapter 6 addresses wildfire-related fire protection measures that complement site and construction provisions. It includes topics such as automatic suppression provisions (where applicable), fuel modification concepts, defensible space maintenance, and fire protection considerations for hazards and equipment commonly present in WUI settings.
Key IWUIC references:Selected sections include 602.1 (Automatic sprinkler systems), 603.2 (Fuel modification), 604 (Defensible space/maintenance), and 606 (Liquefied petroleum gas installations).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Automatic sprinkler systems, Defensible space, Maintenance of defensible space, Fuel modification, Fuel modification distance, Vegetation control, Vegetation management plan, LP-gas installations, Storage of firewood and combustible materials, Spark arrestors.
Chapter 7 — Referenced Standards
Chapter 7 lists the external standards that are referenced by the IWUIC. When a state or jurisdiction adopts the IWUIC, these referenced standards become part of the compliance framework for IWUIC provisions that rely on test methods, product standards and installation criteria.
Key IWUIC references: Chapter 7 (Referenced Standards).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Referenced standards, Approved, Approved agency, Listed (as applicable), Inspection and enforcement.
Appendices (Optional—Apply Only When Adopted)
Appendices provide supplemental tools and provisions that a state or jurisdiction may choose to adopt. Their applicability depends on adoption language (see Section 101.2.1).
- Appendix A — General Requirements
Appendix A provides supplemental fire protection measures that support wildfire risk reduction, including vegetation control, ignition source controls, storage practices and protection of water supply equipment. It can be adopted to supplement Chapter 6 where a jurisdiction wants additional operational and preventive measures.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix A, including Sections A101 (General) and A102 (Vegetation control).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Vegetation control, Ignition source control, Control of storage, Hazardous materials, Protection of pumps and water storage facilities, Temporary structures and uses.
- Appendix B — Vegetation Management Plan
Appendix B provides a framework for preparing a vegetation management plan when required. It helps document the actions, methods and schedules that will be used to manage fuels and defensible space in a way that is clear, repeatable and maintainable.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix B, including Sections B101.1 (Scope) and B101.2 (Plan content).
>Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Vegetation management plan, Defensible space, Fuel mosaic, Fuel-loading, Fire-resistive vegetation.
- Appendix C — Fire Hazard Severity Form
Appendix C provides a form-based tool that jurisdictions may use to document fire hazard severity considerations. This can support consistent determination and communication of wildfire exposure and severity classifications in local implementation.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix C, including Section C101.1 and Table C101.1 (as applicable).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Fire hazard severity, Fire hazard severity form, Critical fire weather, Slope.
- Appendix D — Fire Danger Rating System
Appendix D provides a structured fire danger rating approach that can support operational decisions during periods of heightened wildfire risk. When adopted, it can help guide restrictions or heightened precautions in WUI areas during critical fire weather.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix D (Fire Danger Rating System).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Fire danger rating system, Fire danger rating, Critical fire weather.
- Appendix E — Findings of Fact
Appendix E provides a findings-of-fact framework that can support documentation for WUI designations and other determinations where a documented basis is needed. It helps create transparent, repeatable decision-making processes.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix E (Findings of Fact).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Findings of fact, Mapping, Wildland-urban interface area designations.
- Appendix F — Characteristics of Fire-Resistive Vegetation
Appendix F provides information on characteristics associated with fire-resistive vegetation. It can be used as guidance when evaluating landscaping and vegetation choices that contribute to reduced ignition potential near structures.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix F (Characteristics of Fire-Resistive Vegetation.
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Fire-resistive vegetation, Trees, Tree crown.
- Appendix G — Self-Defense Mechanism
Appendix G provides alternative concepts that jurisdictions may use as an implementation tool for communities and property owners to help protect exposed structures. Where used, it can help organize protective actions and increase options for structure preparedness.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix G (Self-Defense Mechanism).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Self-defense mechanism, Emergency access, Fire weather.
- Appendix H — IWUIC Flowchart
Appendix H provides a flowchart-style navigation aid intended to help users understand the application of the IWUIC. It may support consistent application and communication of requirements based on fire hazard severity.
Key IWUIC references: Appendix H (International Wildland-Urban Interface Code Flowchart).
Key terms (defined in Chapter 2): Flowchart, Applicability, Compliance alternatives.
Wildfire Resources
Preparedness
Emergency Planning
Visit Ready.gov for emergency planning, evacuation preparation, alerts and household readiness resources for wildfire events.
Training for Officials
When Disaster Strikes Institute’s Disaster Planning for the Building Department course outlines roles, responsibilities and readiness strategies before wildfire disasters.
National Trends
For current conditions and national trends, see the National Significant Wildland Fire Potential Outlook from the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC).
Response
Stay Safe
Learn how to stay safe during and after a wildfire. Follow evacuation orders, avoid smoke exposure and stay informed through local emergency alerts.
Recovery
Rebuilding Resiliency
Wildfire damage assessments help determine structural integrity, identify hazardous conditions and guide decisions about repair, demolition or rebuilding. Updated 2024 I-Codes include clarified definitions and documentation requirements to support consistent enforcement.
Pairing Mitigation with Local Recovery
When communities begin recovering after a wildfire, rebuilding with resilience is essential. Local leaders, recovery committees and planning groups can integrate mitigation into every recovery decision by:
Use community wildfire protection plans
Reference state or local hazard wildfire protection plans as roadmaps for resilient rebuilding.
Conduct post‑wildfire damage assessments
Identify vulnerabilities and recurring risk areas.
Embed mitigation in all recovery discussions
Ensure that community discussions include mitigation options to ensure long term resilience.
Prioritize multi‑hazard strategies
Consider community hazards and risks beyond wildfire (e.g. flooding, earthquakes, etc.) and pursue solutions that reduce exposure to multiple hazards at once.
Rebuild with resilience
Encourage use of ignition resistant materials and fire adapted design to address long‑term risk.
Leverage recovery funding for mitigation
Explore opportunities within federal, state and local disaster assistance funding programs that allow or encourage mitigation as part of repair and reconstruction.
Engage the community
Involve residents, businesses and local organizations to ensure mitigation measures reflect community needs and support long‑term resilience.
Flood Mitigation
Flooding is one of the most frequent and costly natural hazards in the United States, affecting homes, businesses, community infrastructure and critical services. From riverine floods to flash flooding and coastal storm surge, these events disrupt homes and businesses and can create long‑term consequences for local economies.
How Often Flooding Occurs
Deadly floods swept through the United States at a record pace in 2025, triggering more flash flood warnings than any year to-date. Additionally, between 2020 and 2023, the United States experienced 80 major flood disasters, a rate that represents nearly half of the previous decade’s total.
Annual Flood‑Related Losses
Recent analysis estimates that flooding now costs the U.S. between $179.8 and $496 billion annually, equivalent to 1–2% of the U.S. GDP. These losses include infrastructure damage, business interruption, residential property losses and far‑reaching economic impacts.
Losses Avoided Through Building Codes and Mitigation
Mitigation through code adoption and implementation is one of the most cost‑effective strategies communities can use to reduce long‑term flood impacts and insurance costs.
Federally funded riverine flood mitigation projects produce a 7:1 benefit‑cost ratio, meaning $7 saved for every $1 spent.
Using the International Codes (I‑Codes) to Mitigate Flood Hazards
The International Codes® (I‑Codes®) provide a comprehensive framework for designing, constructing and retrofitting buildings to be more flood‑resilient. Excerpts of the flood-resistant provisions from the 2024 I-Codes, including a summary of changes to flood provisions from the 2021 to 2024 editions, can be accessed here.
Key Flood Provisions
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International Existing Building Code®
Chapter 1 Scope and Administration
- Section 104 Duties and Powers of Code Official
- 104.2.4.1 Flood hazard areas. Only under certain extraordinary circumstances can the code official grant modifications to provisions related to flood resistance for repairs, alterations or additions to existing buildings located in flood hazard areas that constitute substantial improvement.
- 104.3.1 Determination of substantially improved or substantially damaged existing buildings and structures in flood hazard areas. The code official is required to determine if proposed work on existing buildings located in flood hazard areas constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage. Where the code official determines that the proposed work constitutes substantial improvement or repair of substantial damage, the building is required to meet the requirements of the IBC or the IRC as applicable.
- Section 109 Inspections
- 109.3.3 Lowest floor elevation. For additions and substantial improvements to existing buildings in flood hazard areas, after placement of the lowest floor and prior to vertical construction, documentation related to the elevation of the lowest floor is to be submitted to the code official.
- 109.3.10 Flood hazard documentation. For additions and substantial improvements to existing buildings in flood hazard areas, prior to the final inspection, documentation related to the elevation of the lowest floor or the elevation of dry floodproofing is to be submitted to the code official.
Chapter 2 Definitions
These definitions provide a common language for designing buildings to resist severe wind events. While the IEBC incorporates the definitions found in the International Building Code® (IBC), those terms that are unique to existing buildings can be found within Chapter 2 of the IEBC.
DANGEROUS
EXISTING BUILDING
EXISTING STRUCTURE
FLOOD HAZARD AREA
HISTORIC BUILDING
LOWEST FLOOR
REPAIR
RISK CATEGORY
STORM SHELTER
SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE
SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT
SUBSTANTIAL STRUCTURAL ALTERATION
SUBSTANTIAL STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
UNSAFE
Chapter 3 Provisions for All Compliance Methods
- Section 301 Administration
- 301.3 Alteration, addition or change of occupancy. This section provides the code official with the authority to allow alterations that comply with the laws in existence at the time the building was built, unless the alterations constitute substantial improvement in a flood hazard area. When the alterations constitute substantial improvement in a flood hazard area all work is required to comply with Sections 503.2, 701.3 or 1303.1.3.
Chapter 4 Repairs
- Section 401 General
- 401.3 Flood hazard areas. In flood hazard areas, repairs that constitute substantial improvement shall require that the building comply with the IBC or the IRC as applicable.
- Section 405 Structural
- 405.2.6 Flood hazard areas. In flood hazard areas, buildings that have sustained substantial damage shall be brought into compliance with the IBC or the IRC as applicable.
Chapter 5 Prescriptive Compliance Method
- Section 502 Additions
- 502.2 Flood hazard areas.For buildings in flood hazard areas, any addition that constitutes substantial improvement of the existing building is required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construction, and the balance of the existing building is to be brought into compliance with the flood requirements for new construction.
For buildings in flood hazard areas, any addition that does not constitutes substantial improvement of the existing building is not required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construction, provided the addition does not violate flood-resistant construction requirements and the lowest floor of the addition is constructed at or above the lower of the lowest floor of the existing building.
- Section 503 Alterations
- 503.2 Flood hazard areas. For buildings in flood hazard areas, any alteration that constitutes substantial improvement of the existing building is required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construction, and the balance of the existing building is to be brought into compliance with the flood requirements for new construction.
For buildings in flood hazard areas, any alteration that does not constitutes substantial improvement of the existing building is not required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construction.
- Section 507 Historic Buildings
- 507.3 Flood hazard areas. For Historic buildings that meet certain criteria and located in flood hazard areas, any work that constitutes substantial improvement of the existing building is not required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construction.
Chapter 7 Alterations — Level 1
- Section 701 General
- 701.3 Flood hazard areas. In flood hazard areas, alterations that constitute substantial improvement are required to comply with the IBC or the IRC, as applicable.
Chapter 11 Additions
- Section 1103 Structural
- 1103.3 Flood hazard areas. This section addresses additions within flood hazard areas that are required to comply with specific requirements. These requirements are based on whether the addition is structurally interconnected or independent of the existing building. The requirements are also based on whether the addition is a vertical addition atop an existing building or atop its own foundation.
Chapter 12 Historic Buildings
- Section 1201 General
- 1201.4 Flood hazard areas. For Historic buildings that meet certain criteria and located in flood hazard areas, any work that constitutes substantial improvement of the existing building is not required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construction.
Chapter 13 Performance Compliance Methods
- Section 1303 Acceptance
- 1303.1.3 Compliance with flood hazard provisions. If the work covered by this section is a structurally connected horizontal addition that does not constitute substantial improvement, the addition is not required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construction, provided the addition does not violate flood-resistant construction requirements and the lowest floor of the addition is constructed at or above the lower of the lowest floor of the existing building.
Chapter 14 Relocated or Moved Buildings
- Section 1402 Requirements
- 1402.6 Flood hazard areas. If an existing building is relocated into a flood hazard area, the building is required to comply with the IBC or the IRC, as applicable.
International Residential Code®
Chapter 1 Scope and Administration
- R106.1.4 Information for construction in flood hazard areas: Addresses delineation of flood hazard areas, elevation of lowest floor and lowest horizontal structural member, etc.
- R109.1.3 Floodplain inspections: Elevation documentation to be prepared and sealed by a registered design professional shall be submitted upon placement of the lowest floor prior to vertical construction.
Chapter 3 Building Planning
- R306.1 Flood-resistant construction: Requires buildings located in flood hazard areas be designed and built in compliance with Section R306. Buildings located in floodways shall be designed and constructed with ASCE 24(2014).
- R306.2.1 Elevation requirements: Flood hazard areas, not including Coastal A Zones, shall have the lowest floors (including basement floors) at or above the base flood elevation plus one foot, or the design flood elevation, whichever is higher.
International Building Code®
Chapter 1 Scope and Administration
- 104.2.4.1 Flood hazard areas: Limits the building official’s ability to grant modifications in flood hazard areas.
- 107.2.6 Site plan: Site plans are required in the construction documents for permitting. Flood hazard areas, floodways and design flood elevations shall be indicated on site plans as applicable.
- 110.3.3 Lowest floor elevation: Requires elevation certification in flood hazard areas.
- 110.3.12.1 Flood hazard documentation: Requires documentation of the elevation of the lowest floor or the elevation of dry floodproofing, if applicable.
Chapter 16 Structural Design
- 1612.2 Design and construction: Requires that the design and construction of buildings and structures located in flood hazard areas shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 of ASCE 7 and ASCE 24.
- 1612.3 Establishment of flood hazard areas: Requires the applicable governing authority shall adopt flood hazard map and supporting data.
- 1612.4 Flood hazard documentation: Requires that documentation shall be prepared and sealed by a registered design professional and submitted to the building official for construction in flood hazard areas and coastal high hazard areas
Appendix G Flood-Resistant Construction
- Intended to provide the additional flood-plain management and administrative requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program.
- Adoption of the IBC and Appendix G will meet the minimum requirements of NFIP as set forth in Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Flood Resources
Preparedness
Emergency Planning
Visit Ready.gov for emergency planning, supplies lists, alerts, evacuation prep and household readiness resources for flooding events.
Training for Officials
When Disaster Strikes Institute’s Substantial Damage Estimates and Determinations, Building Safety Evaluator, and Coordinator training courses teach field teams, team leaders and managers to efficiently and consistently assess post-flood damage.
Response
Stay Safe
Learn how to stay safe during and after a flood. Evacuate if told to do so, move to higher ground or a higher building floor and stay where you are.
Training for Officials
When Disaster Strikes Institute’s Evaluator Training and Coordinator Training courses teaches evaluators, team leaders and managers to safely and effectively assess and inspect post‑flood structures.
Recovery
Evaluation for Safety
The Substantial Damage Evaluation process is required by FEMA as part of the NFIP. This process determines whether a building is Substantially Damaged thereby requiring compliance with current flood-resistant code requirements.
Training for Officials
The 2024 IBC/IRC/IEBC have updated definitions and relocated Substantial Improvement and Substantial Damage terminology to support consistency, enforcement and compliance.
Pairing Mitigation with Local Recovery
When communities begin recovering after a flood, it’s essential to rebuild in ways that reduce future risk. Local governmental leaders, recovery committees and planning groups can integrate mitigation into every recovery decision by using established assessment methods, such as state and local hazard mitigation plans and through applying a multi‑hazard approach to rebuilding.
Use hazard mitigation plans as roadmaps
Reference state or local hazard mitigation plans to guide decisions on where and how recovery projects should be designed, funded and implemented.
Conduct post‑flood damage & risk assessments
Evaluate the extent of damage, identify recurring problem areas and document vulnerabilities to inform mitigation‑focused rebuilding.
Embed mitigation in all recovery discussions
Ensure that community town hall meetings, planning meetings and community workshops include mitigation options as part of every proposed solution.
Prioritize multi‑hazard strategies
Consider community hazards and risks beyond flooding (e.g. wildfire, earthquakes, etc.) and pursue solutions that reduce exposure to multiple hazards at once.
Rebuild with resilience
Encourage use of flood‑resistant materials and infrastructure redesigns that address long‑term risk.
Leverage recovery funding for mitigation
Explore opportunities within federal, state and local disaster assistance funding programs that allow or encourage mitigation as part of repair and reconstruction.
Engage the community
Involve residents, businesses and local organizations to ensure mitigation measures reflect community needs and support long‑term resilience.
Essential Fire Safety Provisions
The technical basis for safer and more resilient buildings in lower resource contexts
A fundamental resource that includes the essential principles of fire protection into a practical guide for authorities, inspectors, firefighters, architects and engineers.
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Benefits for Jurisdictions and Organizations
- Strengthening life security
- Improved design and build quality
- Reduction of risks and economic losses
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- Technical basis for the adoption of modern codes
International Alignment
The publication is aligned with the principles and objectives of:
- International Code Council (ICC)
- International Building Code (IBC)
- International Fire Code (IFC)
It supports resilience, sustainable development, and institutional strengthening initiatives in lower resource contexts.
Key Book Content
The publication clearly and practically addresses essential issues such as:
- Classification of occupations
- Types of construction and fire resistance
- Means of Egress
- Fire Protection Systems
The content is organized for ease of use in both daily work and training programs.
Drive safer buildings in your jurisdiction or organization.
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Testimonials
"It's very well organized... very useful and easy to understand for professionals and technicians who may use it"
– Arch. Lourdes Giusti, CFPS – Peru
"It is a great endeavor, which offers the option for the adoption of prescriptions that have already been widely tested in terms of their results"
– Eng. Alejandro Ramirez, Chile
"This fire code fills a big gap in Latin America"
– Eng. Emmanuel Reyes, CFPS, Dominican Republic
"This is the way to address the great challenges of the region"
– Eng. Carlos Halke, Paraguay
"We can include a large part of this document in the fire regulations of my country"
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"This document is very comprehensive and applicable to Latin America and the Caribbean"
– Eng. Luis Cestari, PE, World Bank
“For an architect like me working in fire code regulation, this document is what I have tried to achieve"
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Aspectos Esenciales de Seguridad Contra Incendios
La base técnica para edificaciones más seguras y resilientes
Un recurso fundamental en español que traduce los principios esenciales de Seguridad contra incendios en una guía práctica para autoridades, inspectores, bomberos, arquitectos e ingenieros.
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“Corresponde a un gran esfuerzo ofrecer una opción de adopción de prescripciones ya ampliamente probadas en términos de sus resultados”
Ing. Alejandro Ramírez, Chile
“Podemos incluir gran parte de este documento en la normativa de incendios de mi país”
Ing. José Joaquín Álvarez, CFPS, Colombia
“Este documento es muy completo y aplicable a Latinoamérica y el Caribe”
Ing. Luis Cestari, PE, World Bank
“Para un arquitecto como yo, trabajando en el desarrollo de códigos, este documento es lo que había tratado de lograr”
Arq. Alejandro Flores, CFPS, México
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Beneficios para Jurisdicciones y Organizaciones
- Fortalecimiento de la seguridad de vida
- Mejora de la calidad del diseño y la construcción
- Reducción de riesgos y pérdidas económicas
- Mayor consistencia en la aplicación de requisitos
- Base técnica para la adopción de códigos modernos
Alineación Internacional
La publicación está alineada con los principios y objetivos de:
- International Code Council (ICC)
- Código Internacional de la Edificación (IBC)
- Código Internacional de Protección contra Incendios (IFC)
Apoya iniciativas de resiliencia, desarrollo sostenible y fortalecimiento del cumplimiento normativo.
Contenido Clave del Libro
La publicación aborda de manera clara y práctica temas esenciales como:
- Clasificación de ocupaciones
- Tipos de construcción y resistencia al fuego
- Medios de egreso
- Sistemas de protección contra incendios
- Ocupaciones especiales y usos mixtos
El contenido está organizado para facilitar su uso tanto en el trabajo diario como en programas de capacitación.
Impulse edificios más seguros en su jurisdicción u organización.
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Ing. Alejandro Ramírez, Chile
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Ing. Emmanuel Reyes, CFPS, República Dominicana
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Ing. Carlos Halke, Paraguay
“Podemos incluir gran parte de este documento en la normativa de incendios de mi país”
Ing. José Joaquín Álvarez, CFPS, Colombia
“Este documento es muy completo y aplicable a Latinoamérica y el Caribe”
Ing. Luis Cestari, PE, World Bank
“Para un arquitecto como yo, trabajando en el desarrollo de códigos, este documento es lo que había tratado de lograr”
Arq. Alejandro Flores, CFPS, México
“Este documento es un sueño hecho realidad”
Ing. Jaime A. Moncada, PE, Editor
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Ing. Andrés Mayobre, CFPS, Uruguay
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Ing. Alonso Umaña, CFPS, Costa Rica
“Aun si se aplica de manera voluntaria en un proyecto, es una excelente herramienta de diseño”
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Information & Advocacy
The International Code Council's (ICC) Fire and Disaster Mitigation (FDM) team has compiled resources to assist code officials, fire service professionals and community stakeholders in informed decision‑making, professional collaboration and effective implementation of strategies that strengthen resilience across the built environment.
This page includes information on ICC's Fire Service Membership Council, broader community engagement opportunities, key informational documents on emerging issues and a selection of reputable stakeholder organizations.
Find our more about or Stakeholder Organizations.
Fire Service Membership Council
The Fire Service Membership Council (FSMC) is a forum for concerns and issues that are of particular interest to the fire service. The FSMC facilitates the engagement of ICC members and stakeholders in the discussion and activities of interest to the fire service within the built environment. Members are encouraged to participate in ICC’s code development process, and to advise ICC on programs and policies, legislative matters, code adoption issues and such other matters as the FSMC deems appropriate. The FSMC is led by a Governing Committee comprised of fire officials from across the country, who guide the direction and activities of the FSMC.
Membership Qualifications
Membership in the FSMC is open to any individual who wishes to affiliate with the Fire Service Membership Council and is a member of ICC, an ICC Governmental Member Voting Representative, or employed by a jurisdiction or corporate member of ICC or a member in good standing of a closely aligned organization as approved by the ICC Board of Directors.
Join the FSMC
To join the FSMC, ICC members may access their myICC account and visit the FSMC site on ICC’s Member Community to sign up. Interested stakeholders or any general questions about the FSMC may be directed to Fire and Disaster Mitigation Program Manager Christine Reed. FSMC meeting information and general updates can be found on the ICC Member Community.
FSMC Governing Committee Members
Timothy Diehl, Howard County, MD; (IAFC: E); FSMC Chair
Doug Nelson, Bismarck, ND; (NASFM); FSMC Vice Chair
Bryan Adams, Pleasant Valley, OH
Ted Black, State of UT (NASFM)
Justin Sherwood, Bemidji, MN; (IAFC: GL)
Darcy Davidson, Carlsbad, CA
Michael Desrochers, State of VT
William Hyde, Rogers, AR (IAFC:SW)
Edward Kaminski, Clark County, NV
Kevin Lefebrve, Nisku, AB Canada (IAFC:C)
Jonathan Lund, Des Moines, IA; (IAFC:MV)
Larry Medina, State of OR (IAFC:W)
Kelly Nicolello, Fort Worth, TX
Brandon Sullivan, Colorado Springs, CO
Brendan O'Sullivan, Durham, NH (IAFC:NE)
Jon Davine, Stow, MA (NASFM)
Craig Landolt, Atlanta, GA (NASFM)
Sean Toomey, Concord, NH; ICC BOD Liaison
Karl Fippinger, Washington, DC; FSMC Staff Liaison
Christine Reed, Brea, CA; FSMC Staff Liaison
FSMC Governing Committee Meeting Schedule
The FSMC Governing Committee meets monthly and is open to all FSMC members and interested parties.
Virtual meetings take place on the third Thursday of each month at 1:30 pm ET (excluding in-person meetings). Meeting information, including the virtual meeting link, is listed in the Events section of the ICC Member Community.
Two in-person meetings are held annually in conjunction with the ICC Leadership Week in April and the ICC Annual Conference in October. These meetings are also open to all, and the meeting dates are listed on each event schedule.
Member Community
ICC's state-of-the-art Member Community is a free exclusive benefit offered only to ICC members. It's a self-service tool where building safety professionals can connect and network with other members, streamline communication and collaboration, create and share events and more.
The ICC Member Community App is now available on both Apple and Android devices. This powerful new tool puts a community of building safety professionals and a wealth of knowledge right at your fingertips. Learn more and download, here.
For any questions, please email membercommunity@iccsafe.org.
Stakeholder Organizations
International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) represents the leadership of firefighters and emergency responders worldwide and provides leadership to current and future career, volunteer, fire-rescue and EMS chiefs, chief fire officers, company officers and managers of emergency service organizations throughout the international community.
The International Association of Firefighters (IAFF) is one of the largest and most influential labor unions in North America and is committed to advancing the rights, safety and future of fire fighters, emergency medical workers and rescue workers across the United States and Canada.
The National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC) is the leading nonprofit membership association representing the interests of the volunteer fire, EMS, and rescue services. The NVFC serves as the voice of the volunteer in the national arena and provides critical resources, programs, education, and advocacy for first responders across the nation.
The U.S. Fire Administration supports and strengthens the fire and emergency medical services to prepare for, prevent, mitigate, and respond to all hazards.
Congressional Fire Services Institute (CFSI) educates members of Congress about the needs and challenges of the United States’ fire and emergency services to help them understand how the federal government can support the needs of local first responders.
National Association of State Fire Marshals NASFM’s mission is two-fold: To protect human life, property and the environment from fire, and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of State Fire Marshals’ operations.
The Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) advances fire safety knowledge to address the world’s unresolved fire safety risks and emerging dangers. FSRI shares fire safety insights with everyone to advance UL’s public safety mission of providing safe living and working environments for people everywhere.
The National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) was founded in 1901 and is one of the nation's oldest physical science laboratories. Through its focus on buildings and construction, fire testing has been a cornerstone of NIST’s research. Its Disaster & Failure Studies Program assesses building performance in the wake of disasters and failure events.
Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) mission is to define, develop and advance the use of engineering best practices, expand the scientific and technical knowledge base, and educate the global fire safety community, to reduce fire risk
Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) is an independent nonprofit scientific research and communications organization supported by property insurers, reinsurers, and affiliated companies. IBHS’s building safety research leads to real-world solutions for home and business owners, helping to create more resilient communities.
The Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) mission is helping people before, during and after disasters. FEMA leverages a tremendous capacity to coordinate within the federal government to make sure America is equipped to prepare for and respond to and recover from disasters.
National Emergency Management Association (NEMA) provides national leadership and expertise in comprehensive emergency management, serves as a vital emergency management information and assistance resource, and advances continuous improvement in emergency management through strategic partnerships, innovative programs and collaborative policy positions.
The International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) is a non-profit educational organization dedicated to promoting the "Principles of Emergency Management" and representing those professionals whose goals are saving lives and protecting property and the environment during emergencies and disasters.
The Association of State Floodplain Managers is a 501(c)(3) scientific and educational nonprofit organization dedicated to reducing flood loss in the United States.
Building Safety Month
Building Safety Month is an international campaign held each May to raise awareness about the importance of safe building practices within the built environment. Everyone can play a role in enhancing building safety and reducing fire risks by supporting Building Safety Month initiatives.
The campaign features weekly themes, including one dedicated to practical safety tips for homes. Topics include fire prevention and awareness, smoke alarms and fire sprinklers, water and pool safety, disaster preparedness and electrical hazard awareness, with actionable strategies for each to help increase safer living spaces.
For more information on Building Safety Month and resources for fire safety at home, click here.
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Stay informed with essential industry updates and expert technical insights from the award-winning Building Safety Journal. Explore hundreds of free articles, including Batteries and ESS, Disaster Preparedness and Fire & Wildland Urban Interface-related content.
The Building Safety Journal (BSJ) Weekly is a free weekly newsletter from the International Code Council that compiles the latest news on the building safety and construction sectors, including fire-related news and updates, and is delivered to your inbox on Thursdays. Subscribe, here.
Training, Education and Certification
The International Code Council's (ICC) Fire and Disaster Mitigation (FDM) Team is committed to equipping professionals with the latest knowledge and practical skills to prevent, mitigate and respond to disasters effectively.
Below you'll find information on fire service and emergency management educational tracks, certifications and training materials to help you stay current with evolving codes and standards.
Fire Service & Emergency Management Educational Tracks
The International Code Council’s (ICC) Fire & Disaster Mitigation (FDM) Team is developing structured and comprehensive training tracks to support fire and emergency management professionals at every stage of their careers. These tracks will offer clear progression from foundational skills to advanced leadership, ensuring that professionals are equipped to protect communities and implement safety codes effectively.
Plan Review
Essential training for fire plans examiners to review construction documents, identify compliance issues and apply the latest fire and life safety requirements.
Inspections
Foundational training for fire inspectors, focusing on core skills such as code interpretation, field inspections and documentation.
Fire Marshal
Advanced curriculum for fire marshals, including leadership development, program management, community risk reduction strategies and technical expertise.
Disaster Mitigation/ Response
Training for building and fire code officials involved in disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
Specialty & Hot Topics
Explore emerging and specialized areas in fire and disaster mitigation. These five tracks are designed to address evolving challenges and technologies.
- Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
- Code Adoption & Legislative Process
- Fire & Life Safety Systems
- Hazardous Materials
- Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Certifications
Why Get Certified?
ICC certifications are a globally-recognized mark of excellence. They validate technical expertise, enhance professional credibility and demonstrate commitment to public safety.
Benefits of Certification
- Career Advancement: Certifications open doors to promotions, specialized roles and leadership positions.
- Credibility: Gain recognition from peers, employers and jurisdictions around the world.
- Community Impact: Certified professionals play a vital role in reducing risk and improving safety in their communities.
Explore ICC Fire Code Certifications
- Fire Inspector I (66)
- Fire Inspector II (67)
- Fire Plans Examiner (F3)
- Fire Code Specialist
(combination designation) - Fire Marshal (combination designation)
- Commercial Fire Alarm Inspector
- Commercial Fire Sprinkler Inspector
- Commercial Fire Alarm Plans Examiner I
- Commercial Fire Alarm Plans Examiner II
- Commercial Fire Sprinkler Plans Examiner
- Residential Fire Sprinkler Plans Examiner
CEUs and Renewals
Maintain your ICC credentials with continuing education opportunities. ICC offers a variety of CEU-eligible courses to help you stay current with evolving codes and standards.
Reciprocal/Transition Certifications
ICC recognizes certifications from other professional organizations, allowing for streamlined transitions and cross-recognition.
Partner Organizations
- ProBoard (Fire Inspector I and Fire Inspector II)
- State of California (CA to ICC and ICC to CA)
- NCPCCI
Training Materials
Live/Online Training Courses
Participate in expert-led sessions available in both virtual and in-person formats. These courses cover essential topics in fire safety, inspections and emergency response.
Self-Guided Study Courses
Learn at your own pace with structured programs designed to help you prepare for certification exams and deepen your understanding of fire codes.
Study Guides & Materials
Access code-specific references, practice exams and support tools to help you prepare for exams effectively.
Online Learning Subscription
Join ICC code experts every Wednesday for 90-minute ICC Learn Live sessions covering a wide range of code topics.
Evaluation Reports
Product Compliance is a major pillar in the regulatory framework, and its importance only intensifies when new or innovative building materials/systems are not covered or addressed in the building codes. One way to accommodate the compliance procedure is to update the code to incorporate such changes; however, since the I-Codes are on a three-year update cycle, this option can be impractical and resource-intensive. The alternative approval process offered by the Evaluation Service Reports (ESRs) is a highly credible and rigorous solution. An ICC-ES Report (ESR) is a document that presents the product, scope of evaluation, proof of compliance, installation, and condition of use from a performance perspective. ESRs verify that building products comply with code requirements, acceptance criteria used to evaluate a product, how the product should be identified, installed and much more.
ICC-ES has expanded its scope of services to include evaluation to the following codes in the MENA region:
- United Arab Emirates (UAE): Dubai Building Code (DBC) set by Dubai Municipality and the Abu Dhabi International Building Code (ADIBC), set by the Abu-Dhabi Department of Municipality and Transport (AD-DMT).
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): Saudi Building Code (SBC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabi (KSA) set by the Saudi Building Code National Committee (SBCNC).
Visit ICC-ES’s ESRs online directory for more information on our evaluation scope.
Building Safety Regulatory Ecosystem Toolkit
This free, online toolkit is designed to be used by jurisdictions around the world to identify and improve the elements of their building safety regulatory ecosystems most critically in need. All essential elements of an effective building safety regulatory ecosystem are represented in the graphic and briefly described below. This page is a work in progress. Please check back soon for more information.
Legislation
In most countries, a law or act is required to implement a set of building regulations and set forth the framework for their enforcement. This resource offers the principles that should be included in enabling legislation for an effective building control system.
Building Code & Standards
The building code used in a jurisdiction should be right-sized and enforceable, and the standards referenced in that code should be aligned with both the code and the availability of materials and common construction practices in that jurisdiction. This resource provides a guide for creating or adapting a building code and aligning it with appropriate construction standards.
Building Department Administration & Enforcement
In order to coordinate compliance efforts, regulatory authorities need to be established to ensure that the intent of the building regulations is realized and it results in safer, more resilient, sustainable and affordable buildings. This resource offers the essential components and functions of an effective building department administration and enforcement network.
Licensing & Competency
Jurisdictions require a method to define, measure and monitor the required competencies for the various types of practitioners and construction professionals operating within the building control system. This resource offers a list of considerations for assessment, licensing and credentialing rules for jurisdictions to consider based on the availability of internal and external resources.
Plan Review & Permitting
Building designs and sites must be approved through a clearly defined and delineated process that ensures proper application of the building codes during the planning stages of building development activities. This resource provides guidance on establishing and maintaining these processes, which can be used to generate revenue to underwrite the operations of building departments.
Evaluation Reports
Product Compliance is a major pillar in the regulatory framework, and its importance only intensifies when new or innovative building materials/systems are not covered or addressed in the building codes. One way to accommodate the compliance procedure is to update the code to incorporate such changes; however, since the I-Codes are on a three-year update cycle, this option can be impractical and resource-intensive. The alternative approval process offered by the Evaluation Service Reports (ESRs) is a highly credible and rigorous solution. An ICC-ES Report (ESR) is a document that presents the product, scope of evaluation, proof of compliance, installation, and condition of use from a performance perspective. ESRs verify that building products comply with code requirements, acceptance criteria used to evaluate a product, how the product should be identified, installed and much more.
ICC-ES has expanded its scope of services to include evaluation to the following codes in the MENA region:
- United Arab Emirates (UAE): Dubai Building Code (DBC) set by Dubai Municipality and the Abu Dhabi International Building Code (ADIBC), set by the Abu-Dhabi Department of Municipality and Transport (AD-DMT).
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): Saudi Building Code (SBC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabi (KSA) set by the Saudi Building Code National Committee (SBCNC).
Visit ICC-ES’s ESRs online directory for more information on our evaluation scope.
Inspections
Inspectors, and special inspectors for certain types of construction and construction processes, with the necessary competencies and enforcement powers, should be conducting on-site inspections at all critical stages throughout the construction process. This resource is a guideline for establishing and maintaining an effective building inspection system, including consideration for qualifications, training and credentialing.
Product Compliance
Based on the mandated codes and standards, the jurisdictional authority will need a system in place to ensure that products specified in a building’s design are compliant – ideally using ISO/IEC 17065 accredited conformity assessment bodies. This resource references international best practices and tools to help determine which products should be regulated and which approaches to ensuring compliance are most appropriate.
Testing, Inspection & Certification (TIC) Services
If construction product assurance is to be dependable and transparent , it is necessary to have a system in place to certify those regulated products for compliance with the regulations through documented, effective TIC Services. This resource offers a guideline for establishing and maintaining competency of a robust system for the testing, inspection and certification system for construction products and systems.
Evaluation Reports
Product Compliance is a major pillar in the regulatory framework, and its importance only intensifies when new or innovative building materials/systems are not covered or addressed in the building codes. One way to accommodate the compliance procedure is to update the code to incorporate such changes; however, since the I-Codes are on a three-year update cycle, this option can be impractical and resource-intensive. The alternative approval process offered by the Evaluation Service Reports (ESRs) is a highly credible and rigorous solution. An ICC-ES Report (ESR) is a document that presents the product, scope of evaluation, proof of compliance, installation, and condition of use from a performance perspective. ESRs verify that building products comply with code requirements, acceptance criteria used to evaluate a product, how the product should be identified, installed and much more.
ICC-ES has expanded its scope of services to include evaluation to the following codes in the MENA region:
- United Arab Emirates (UAE): Dubai Building Code (DBC) set by Dubai Municipality and the Abu Dhabi International Building Code (ADIBC), set by the Abu-Dhabi Department of Municipality and Transport (AD-DMT).
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): Saudi Building Code (SBC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabi (KSA) set by the Saudi Building Code National Committee (SBCNC).
Visit ICC-ES’s ESRs online directory for more information on our evaluation scope.
Accreditation
Entities (such as material testing laboratories, certification bodies, and inspection agencies) entrusted with compliance functions should be accredited to the appropriate ISO conformity assessment standard to ensure their impartiality and competence. This resource will help to determine accreditation requirements and to assess the best approach for establishing a system of accreditation.
Batteries & Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries known for their lightweight and long-lasting properties. They can be found in electric vehicles and battery energy storage systems (ESS), as well as smaller devices including e-bikes, e-scooters, cell phones, computers and hoverboards. Despite their wide range of uses in commercial and residential settings, these technologies present unique safety challenges.
New innovations and battery chemistries continue to be developed, challenging manufacturers, code officials and consumers to stay up-to-date on operational best practices of the technology.
Learn how codes, standards and guidelines are adapting to support the safe use, manufacture, storage, use and recycling of batteries and ESS, and find key resources to help ensure protection for installers, code officials, system designers, retailers and everyday users.
Battery and ESS Basics: What You Need to Know
From personal electronics to mobility devices, the consumer demand for reliable stored energy is drastically increasing. These needs are further increased by the desire for more clean energy in the automotive sector as well as the growing demand for improvements to our utility systems and the need for more stored energy.
As the development, manufacture and use of these batteries increases, attention to the storage, handling, disposal and recycling of new and aged battery units is crucial to ensure health and safety in the built environment and develop future code considerations that address battery chemistries and technologies.
To ensure performance, longevity and safety, it’s critical to follow best practices throughout the lifecycle of lithium-ion batteries and ESS.
Batteries in Emergency Planning and Response
Many U.S. states and other countries have experienced a significant surge in fires associated with lithium-ion batteries.
The use of lithium-ion batteries as ESS in our homes can create a potential need for early identification in post incident mitigation and evaluation. Containment, collection and disposal of batteries impacted by a disaster, especially involving fire or flood, takes much care and consideration as part of the response and recovery phases of disaster management.
Training emergency responders and managers to stay up to date in codes, regulations and best practices of battery handling is critical to maintain community awareness and safety. This is especially crucial after a disaster when damaged batteries are left in homes and buildings affected by the disaster.
The Code Council’s When Disaster Strikes (WDS) Institute prepares participants to properly evaluate damage through instruction, interactive activities and review of case studies. The goals of the WDS Institute are to increase the number of trained and qualified Post-Disaster Building Safety Evaluators and Post-Disaster Building Safety Evaluation Coordinators and to increase awareness regarding when and how to perform Post-Disaster Building Safety Evaluations. Learn more here.
Codes and Standards
Adopting and implementing current building codes and standards ensures that lithium-ion batteries and ESS are installed, operated and maintained safely to minimize risks of fire, electrical hazards and system failures.
The International Code Council (ICC), through its membership, code action committees and the code development process, has rapidly developed the I-Codes since the 2015 editions of the International Fire Code® (IFC), International Building Code® (IBC) and International Residential Code® (IRC) to incorporate the evolving and advancing battery chemistries and technologies. These codes and standards incorporate the latest research and best practices, helping protect both occupants and first responders while supporting the safe integration of advanced energy technologies.
Over the past two code development cycles, the collaborative efforts of ICC Code Action Committees and various Code Development Committees have established and enhanced a minimum level of battery safety across the built environment.
This progress is evident in the 2024 suite of I-Codes including the IFC, IBC and IRC as shown in the ESS Development Time frame recap below.
2000-2015
Early Considerations for Battery Storage and Fire Safety
2018
IBC/IFC: Initial Recognition of Lithium-Ion and Emerging Technologies
2018
IBC/IFC: Expansion of Fire Protection Requirements for Energy Storage
2021
IBC/IFC/IRC: Refining ESS Regulations and Integration of Large-Scale Systems
2024
IBC/IFC/IRC: A Comprehensive Framework for ESS in the Built Environment
Resources
NEW! Lithium-Ion Battery Safety in the Built Environment
Ad-Hoc Battery and Energy Storage Systems (AH-BES) Committee Report Read more about report
The ICC Ad-Hoc Battery and Energy Storage Committee's efforts are documented in this comprehensive report that includes how and where batteries and ESS are used in the built environment, details the committee's code gap analysis approach, highlights areas of focus within future I-Codes, examines professional training and community education needs, and explains necessary public awareness strategies for maintenance and charging of personal mobility devices.